She no longer recognizes a Van Gogh, but can tell you how to prepare a watercolor palette. She can’t recall a single famous composer, but knows the purpose of the bridge on a viola.
She hasn’t flown an airplane since 2007, when viral encephalitis destroyed her hippocampus, the part of the brain used to form new memories and retrieve old ones. And she couldn’t describe a single flight she ever piloted.
But in detail, she’ll list the steps needed to keep a plane from stalling and where to find the rudder controls.
Cognitive scientists say the sharp contrasts in this patient’s memory profile — her inability to remember facts about pursuits once vital to her life as an artist, musician, and amateur aviator, while clearly remembering facts relevant to performing in these domains — suggest errors in what scientists have believed about how the brain stores knowledge.
Declarative Knowledge Skills
Conventional wisdom firmly separates declarative knowledge, or memory about facts, from memory for skills, or “muscle memory.” For instance, a severe amnesiac with muscle memory might never forget how to ride a bike, but probably couldn’t recall anything about the Tour de France.
But because skilled performance, like playing music or flying airplanes, requires much more than mere muscle memory, and because patient Lonni Sue Johnson, 64, retained such skills despite losing most other aspects of her declarative memory, researchers now conclude that this type of skill-related declarative knowledge is different.
“There is such a contrast between her not being able to tell us anything about her former life and not being able to tell us anything about many aspects of art and music that she once knew well, but when we ask her to tell us how to do a watercolor, she is articulate and full of detail. How can you talk about this knowledge of ‘how to’ as distinct from declarative knowledge? It is declarative knowledge,”
says Barbara Landau, professor of cognitive science at Johns Hopkins University.
Skill-related Memory
Before her illness, Johnson was an accomplished artist whose portfolio included six New Yorker magazine covers. She was also an amateur violist, who played in orchestras and chamber groups, and a licensed single-engine airplane pilot with more than 400 flights who owned two planes.
Her illness left her with severe brain damage and catastrophic memory impairment.
She has very little memory of her past—not even of her wedding day. She forgets having done something immediately after doing it.
She also has very little memory for general world knowledge, including facts about the fields in which she once excelled.
To determine whether Johnson’s “skill-related” memory was preserved despite extensive losses in memory for general world knowledge, researchers tested her memory for facts related to performing four of her former top skills—art, music, flying, and driving. They gave the same tests to people of similar age and experience in those areas, as well as to people with no experience in them.
Art And Driving Expert
The oral tests, including about 80 questions each, covered information about the techniques, equipment and terminology involved in performing the various skills. They included queries such as “How might one remove excess paint when painting with watercolor?” and “How should one touch the strings of an instrument to produce a harmonic?”
In art and driving, Johnson scored nearly as high as experts taking the test. In music and aviation, she did not perform as well, but knew considerably more than the novices.
“Although Johnson had not created watercolors, had not flown a plane, and had not driven since her illness, she could still describe how one would go about carrying out these activities,”
cognitive scientist Michael McCloskey says.
“These findings suggest that skill-related knowledge can be spared even with dramatic losses in other kinds of knowledge.”
The work was supported by Johns Hopkins University’s Brain Science Institute.
Reference:
- Emma Gregory, Michael McCloskey, Zoe Ovans & Barbara Landau. Declarative memory and skill-related knowledge: Evidence from a case study of amnesia and implications for theories of memory. Cognitive Neuropsychology DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2016.1172478
Last Updated on November 8, 2023