The Zika virus is transmitted from mother to fetus by infected cells that will later develop into the brain’s first and primary form of defence against invasive pathogens, researchers at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, with colleagues in Brazil, report.
Beginning in 2015, a dramatic increase in children born with microcephaly or abnormally small heads and other birth defects was observed in Brazil. The phenomenon was subsequently linked to infection by the Zika virus, which last year was confirmed the cause of birth defects in experimental models.
Typically, the Zika virus is transmitted to people through the bite of infected Aedes species mosquitoes. However, a pregnant woman can also pass the virus to her fetus, though scientists have not been able to precisely describe the mode of transmission.
Trojan Horse Strategy
Alysson Muotri, PhD, professor in the UC San Diego School of Medicine departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, said:
“Considering the timing of transmission, we hypothesized that microglia might be serving as a Trojan horse to transport the virus during invasion of the CNS."
To test their hypothesis, the researchers used human induced pluripotent stem cells to create two relevant central nervous system (CNS) cell types: microglia and neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which generate the millions of neurons and glial cells required during embryonic development. Then they established a co-culture system that mimicked the interactions of the two cell types in vitro when exposed to the Zika virus.
They found that the microglia cells engulfed Zika-infected NPCs, doing their job. But when these microglia carrying the virus were placed in contact with non-infected NPCs, they transmitted the virus to the latter.
“That suggests microglia may indeed be the culprit for transmitting the virus to the CNS during prenatal neurodevelopment,” Muotri said.
“It’s a Trojan Horse strategy. During embryogenesis, the early stages of prenatal development, cells called microglia form in the yolk sac and then disperse throughout the central nervous system (CNS) of the developing child. In the brain, these microglia will become resident macrophages whose job is to constantly clear away plaques, damaged cells and infectious agents. Our findings show that the Zika virus can infect these early microglia, sneaking into the brain where they transmit the virus to other brain cells, resulting in the devastating neurological damage we see in some newborns."
Microglia Potential Therapeutic Target
Muotri and colleagues then tested whether an FDA-approved drug called Sofosbuvir, marketed as Sovaldi and used to treat hepatitis C, might limit viral infection of NPCs in co-culture with infected microglia.
It did.
“Sofosbuvir significantly decreased cell death of NPCs and the viral load in NPCs,"
said Muotri.
Though the findings are based on in vitro research and further investigation is necessary, Muotri said they were encouraging, suggesting microglial cells could be a therapeutic target for reducing Zika transmission into the CNS of developing fetuses.
“The co-culture system we’ve developed is robust and useful for studying neuro-immune interactions. It can also serve as a drug-screening platform for discovering new therapeutic compounds against Zika virus infections in a human context,"
he said.
Pinar Mesci, Angela Macia, Christopher N LaRock, Leon Tejwani, Isabella R Fernandes, Nicole A Suarez, Paolo M de A Zanotto, Patricia C B Beltrão-Braga, Victor Nizet, Alysson R Muotri
Modeling neuro-immune interactions during Zika virus infection
Human Molecular Genetics, ddx382, https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddx382
Image: microglia cells (green) infected by the Zika virus (blue). Credit: UC San Diego Health