Despite the cliche that “revenge is sweet,” years of experimental research have suggested otherwise.
Now, new research adds another twist, showing that our love-hate relationship with this dark desire is indeed a mixed bag, making us feel both good and bad, for reasons we might not expect.
Fade Eadeh, a doctoral student in psychological and brain sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, says:
“We show that people express both positive and negative feelings about revenge, such that revenge isn’t bitter, nor sweet, but both. We love revenge because we punish the offending party and dislike it because it reminds us of their original act.”
Eadeh and collegues offer a more nuanced understanding of both the benefits and drawbacks of revenge in a paper in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
The findings are based on three experiments in which about 200 people in each experiment were asked to fill out online questionnaires rating the intensity of moods and emotions triggered by their reading of brief news accounts, including one that described the killing of Osama bin Laden by US forces as a retaliation for the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
The experiments were designed to explore whether people are right in thinking that revenge has the potential to make them feel good, despite recent research that suggests otherwise.
“We wondered whether people’s intuitions about revenge are actually more accurate than originally anticipated,” Eadeh says. “Why is there such a common cultural expectation that revenge feels sweet and satisfying? If revenge makes us feel worse, why did we see so many people cheering in the streets of DC and New York after the announcement of bin Laden’s death?”
Justice Is Served
In experiment one, participants read either a “justice-is-served” news account of bin Laden’s killing or a nonpolitical control passage about the Olympic Games. They then rated how strongly their current feelings matched up with a random list of 25 adjectives, such as happy, edgy, satisfied, irritated, angry, upset, or sad.
Although this framework is similar to one used in a 2014 revenge study by associate professor Alan Lambert, researchers modified the data analysis phase to focus on measures of emotion, as opposed to mood. Lambert’s study and a 2008 revenge study led by the late Kevin Carlsmith at Colgate University both focused on mood and both found little evidence that revenge contributed positively toward it.
Psychologists sometimes use the terms emotion and mood interchangeably, but there are important differences, as evident in the current paper.
Emotions usually relate back to some clear and specific trigger and can be intense but are often fleeting. Moods, on the other hand, may come about gradually, last for an extended time, and are often of low intensity.
Good And Bad Revenge Feelings
In this study, Eadeh and colleagues used sophisticated linguistic tools along with a standard mood inventory to tease apart the differences in self-reported emotions after reading a revenge-related passage. This analysis replicated previous findings that showed reading about revenge put people in a worse mood, but it also found that the same experience was capable of generating positive feelings.
“Our paper consistently shows that the emotional consequences of revenge are a mixed bag, in that we feel both good and bad when we take revenge on another party. This counters some previous research on the topic, by our own lab and others, that revenge is a wholly negative experience,”
Eadeh says.
To further test these findings, researchers repeated the experiment using different reading passages selected to avoid wording or content that might predispose readers toward a particular emotion or mood.
To avoid stimulating patriotic emotions, for example, the Olympics control passage was swapped for a generic description of food allergies. The Osama bin Laden passage was altered to remove wording that explicitly described the killing as retaliation for the 9/11 attacks.
Despite these changes, the findings remained largely the same.
“We believe the reason people might feel good about revenge is because it allows us the opportunity to right a wrong and carry out the goal of punishing a bad guy,” Eadeh says. “In our study, we found that Americans often expressed a great deal of satisfaction from bin Laden’s death, presumably because we had ended the life of a person that was the mastermind behind a terror organization.”
Reference:
- Fade R. Eadeh, , Stephanie A. Peak, Alan J. Lambert. The bittersweet taste of revenge: On the negative and positive consequences of retaliation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology; doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.04.007
Last Updated on October 13, 2023