{"id":1597,"date":"2017-11-01T02:18:40","date_gmt":"2017-11-01T02:18:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sciencebeta.com\/melanopsin-stimulates-perceptual-experience\/"},"modified":"2022-11-11T09:19:28","modified_gmt":"2022-11-11T14:19:28","slug":"melanopsin-stimulates-perceptual-experience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sciencebeta.com\/melanopsin-stimulates-perceptual-experience\/","title":{"rendered":"Melanopsin Stimulation Produces A Distinct Perceptual Experience"},"content":{"rendered":"

The reflexive system of the human eye also produces a conscious<\/a>, visual experience, according to a new study from researchers in the Perelman School of Medicine and School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania.<\/p>\n

The findings may provide insight into the excessive light sensitivity sometimes experienced by people with eye disease, migraine headaches<\/a> and concussions<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Our eyes have important biological functions other than seeing, including automatic visual reflexes that go on without awareness.<\/p>\n

This study addressed the properties of melanopsin, a blue-light sensitive protein in the eye that establishes the rhythm of the day-night cycle<\/a> and the familiar constriction of the pupil to bright light. The researchers created a special pulse of light that stimulates only the melanopsin cells of the eye.<\/p>\n

They showed this light pulse to people and measured their pupil response and brain activity, as well as asked them what they saw. Remarkably, they found that people have brain activity and a visual experience in response to a light that is invisible to the parts of the eye normally used for seeing.<\/p>\n

Melanopsin Regulated Responses<\/h2>\n

Lead author Manuel Spitschan, PhD<\/a>, said:<\/p>\n

\n

“Melanopsin is a part of our visual system from long ago in evolution, and it controls several important biological responses to light. It has been hard to know if we have a visual experience that accompanies these reflexes, as any normal light that stimulates melanopsin will also stimulate the cone cells of the eye that support our regular vision<\/a>. We wouldn’t know whether what a person sees arises from melanopsin or the cones."<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

To solve this problem, the Penn team developed a special kind of light pulse that stimulates melanopsin but is invisible to the cones. The lights were created using a machine that can sculpt and switch between computer-designed “rainbows” of light.<\/p>\n

First, the researchers had people watch these light pulses while their pupil response was recorded. The scientists confirmed that a light pulse that is invisible to the cones evokes a slow, reflexive constriction of the pupil that is characteristic of melanopsin stimulation.<\/p>\n

They then measured brain activity using the technique of functional MRI<\/a>, and found that the visual pathway of the brain responds to the melanopsin stimulus.<\/p>\n

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“This was a particularly exciting finding. A neural response within the occipital cortex strongly suggests that people have a conscious experience of melanopsin stimulation that is explicitly visual,"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

said senior author Geoffrey K. Aguirre, MD, PhD<\/a>, a behavioral neurologist and an associate professor of Neurology at Penn.<\/p>\n

Unpleasant Brightness<\/h2>\n

The researchers then asked what people “see” with the stimulation. They had 20 people look at the pulses of light and provide ratings of different perceptual qualities.<\/p>\n

People described the stimulus as a blurry kind of brightness, in contrast to the focused experience provided by the cones. They also described the light pulse as unpleasant.<\/p>\n

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“This perceptual experience fits with what we know about the cells that contain melanopsin. There are relatively few of these melanopsin cells in the eye. Like a digital camera that doesn’t have many pixels, we would expect the melanopsin system to give a blurry, indistinct image of the world,"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

said David H. Brainard, PhD, the RRL professor of Psychology.<\/p>\n

The work has particular relevance for understanding the experience of people with photophobia, who are overly sensitive to bright light and experience pain as a result.<\/p>\n

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“Research in mice makes us think that melanopsin contributes to the sensation of discomfort from very bright light. Subjects in our study found the melanopsin stimulus to be unpleasant, and people with photophobia may experience a stronger form of this response to melanopsin. We now have a tool to help us to better understand excessive light sensitivity,"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Aguirre said.<\/p>\n

Manuel Spitschan, Andrew S. Bock, Jack Ryan, Giulia Frazzetta, David H. Brainard, and Geoffrey K. Aguirre
\nThe human visual cortex response to melanopsin-directed stimulation is accompanied by a distinct perceptual experience<\/a>
\nPNAS 2017; doi:10.1073\/pnas.1711522114<\/p>\n

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The reflexive system of the human eye also produces a conscious, visual experience, according to a new study from researchers in the Perelman School of Medicine and School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania. The findings may provide insight into the excessive light sensitivity sometimes experienced by people with eye disease, migraine… Continue reading Melanopsin Stimulation Produces A Distinct Perceptual Experience<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"modified_by":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sciencebeta.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1597"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sciencebeta.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sciencebeta.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sciencebeta.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sciencebeta.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1597"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sciencebeta.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1597\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sciencebeta.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1597"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sciencebeta.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1597"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sciencebeta.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1597"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}