Microglial TREM2 Has Protective Role In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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Microglia play a protective role in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), according to new preclinical studies from Mayo Clinic scientists and collaborators1. The finding could provide a potential therapeutic target for the disease.

The loss of neurons characterizes the neurodegenerative diseases of Alzheimer’s and ALS. In Alzheimer’s, the lost neurons handle memory retrieval, and in ALS, it is the neurons that manage movement that are damaged.

In the brain of people diagnosed with either of these diseases, pathologists can see a buildup of specific proteins: beta-amyloid and tau in those with Alzheimer’s, and a protein called TAR-DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) in people with ALS2.

TDP-43 and TREM2

Microglia cells are responsible with cleaning up debris in the brain, and they have a unique receptor called TREM2.

When this receptor is mutated, evidence suggests risks increase for developing Alzheimer’s disease, the theory being that microglia cannot clean up the brain efficiently. But the evidence for TREM2 and ALS was more tenuous until now.

The aggregation of TDP-43 in the brain is a hallmark for most ALS patients. Our study shows for the first time that TDP-43 is a potential ligand for microglial TREM2. Further, we found that this interaction mediates microglial TREM2 sensing and clearance of pathological TDP-43 protein,

said Long-Jun Wu, Ph.D., a Mayo Clinic neuroimmunologist and senior author of the paper.

Possible Therapeutic Target

As a ligand, TDP-43 binds to the TREM2 receptor, which is important for microglia cells to clear up the protein. Using biochemistry, computational simulations, confocal microscopy, mouse models, and samples from the Mayo Clinic Brain Bank for Neurodegenerative Disorders, the researchers were able to decipher the interaction between TREM2 and TDP-43, thereby potentially revealing a target for therapy for ALS.

The mechanisms underlying ALS initiation and progression are poorly understood. Microglia comprise a unique subset of glial cells and are the principal immune cells in the central nervous system. Our current findings point out microglial TREM2 as a potential therapeutic target for ameliorating TDP-43-related neurodegeneration, including ALS,

said Dr. Wu.

The lab led by Dr. Wu plans to delve into the exact binding sites of human TDP-43 and the TREM2 receptor. They also want to investigate a specific population of microglia that seem to be supercharged to remove TDP-43.

And the eventual goal is to explore if TREM2 activators might be a candidate for treatment in mouse models of ALS, which is a first step toward potentially treating human disease.

 

Last Updated on October 1, 2022