Oxytocin and vasopressin both flatten group hierarchy in male rhesus macaques, resulting in dominant monkeys becoming more relaxed and subordinate monkeys becoming more confident, research from University of Pennsylvania indicates. The result holds even when just one of a pair receives oxytocin or vasopressin, indicating some sort of non-verbal communication between the animals.
Oxytocin’s effects on human social behavior are not clear. Some studies reveal significant positive changes, yet others show none at all. In many animals, from rodents to non-human primates, it’s a different story: Oxytocin has been proven to increase positive social behaviors and attention paid to others, and reduce negative social behaviors like threats and vigilance.
Such findings typically derive from work that includes specific tasks performed by the subjects, either people or animals. But Penn neuroscientist Michael Platt and postdoctoral researcher Yaoguang Jiang wanted to understand what happens during spontaneous, naturally occurring interactions following inhalation and injection of both oxytocin and a similar neuropeptide, vasopressin.
A More Egalitarian Society
The work, the first of its kind, involved giving one macaque oxytocin, vasopressin, or saline via inhalation or injection, then pairing him seven times, six with different monkeys and once with an empty chair, in a random order.
“This society, which is often described as despotic, hierarchical, and regulated by aggression and submission, becomes more egalitarian. Everyone is a little nicer to everyone else. They synchronize their facial expressions and their behavior more tightly in time. In other words, they’re paying more attention to each other and when you do this, you get information more quickly and you respond more quickly,”
said Platt, a Penn Integrates Knowledge professor with appointments in the Perelman School of Medicine, the School of Arts and Sciences, and Wharton.
For their protection, the animals could not physically touch. However, they could interact and could see, hear, and smell each other.
The researchers recorded a five-minute exchange, then two separate observers scored the behavior, frame by frame. Seven macaques participated in the inhalation work, and seven participated in the injection work.
“Social dominance in monkeys is a really big deal. They live and breathe for it. But here, the curve got flattened. If you were in the middle, you stayed in the middle. But if you were lower-ranking and you used to be timid, you got a little more assertive, and if you were super dominant, you still knew you were the boss but you were a little more chill about it. You weren’t always trying to pick a fight,”
said Jiang, who has worked in the Platt Labs for more than two years.
Behavioral Synchrony
What’s more, the alignment of actions — what’s known as behavioral synchrony — when only one half of a duo got the hormone indicates non-verbal cues underlying the activity, Jiang explained.
“Somehow they were conveying this information to each other. Communication was obviously not verbal, but little gestures.”
This is consistent with previous work from Platt showing that oxytocin increases how long one monkey looks at and pays attention to another monkey.
Vasopressin lead to the same outcome as oxytocin, which actually complicates the picture of how such hormones work. Receptors for the two are located in different parts of the brain, and can bind to both hormones.
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By injecting small amounts of the hormones into a brain area that only contains vasopressin receptors, Platt and Jiang found that oxytocin appeared to be binding to vasopressin receptors to change behavior.
“Our understanding of how all of this is going to work is much more complicated than originally thought. We have to consider this whole other system, the vasopressin system,”
Platt said.
Treatment Potential
In theory, digging deep into these hormones and their underlying mechanisms could potentially lead to breakthroughs in therapeutic treatments for social disorders such as autism and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It may also help children who have had pituitary tumors removed, a procedure that can damage the hypothalamus and lead to ravenous overeating for reasons still unknown.
Because oxytocin regulates feeding and social behavior, there’s treatment potential there, something Platt and colleagues are testing via a clinical trial at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.
“We anticipate that for these kids, there is a whole set of underlying social problems that people aren’t dialed into because they’re focused on the fact that the kids can’t stop eating,” Platt said. “We’re trying to determine whether when we treat them for overeating, that also improves social functions.”
This overall work builds on research Platt has conducted on non-human primates for more than two decades. In particular, rhesus macaques offer a valuable comparison to humans because the animals model many of the same social behaviors, live in large groups, and form long-term social bonds.
Their reaction to oxytocin and vasopressin also seems to mirror that of people. Yet despite such incremental advancements in knowledge, there’s still much to understand, Platt says, about how we could use these peptide hormones to treat various problems.
Yaoguang Jiang & Michael L. Platt
Oxytocin and vasopressin flatten dominance hierarchy and enhance behavioral synchrony in part via anterior cingulate cortex
Scientific Reports volume 8, Article number: 8201 (2018) doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25607-1
Last Updated on November 7, 2022