Published studies have long found a correlation between obesity in children and decreased executive function[1]. Now, new research, based on data mined from a massive national research study, suggests that a change in brain structure — a thinner prefrontal cortex — may help explain that interrelationship[2].
“Our results show an important connection; that kids with higher BMI tend to have a thinner cerebral cortex, especially in the prefrontal area,"
said lead author Jennifer Laurent, an associate professor in the Department of Nursing at the University of Vermont.
A Physiological Correlate
The findings are based on data retrieved from a National Institutes of Health-funded research project, the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, or ABCD, which is following 10,000 teens over a 10 year period. Every two years, study subjects are interviewed, take a battery of tests, give blood samples and undergo brain scans.
The study analyzed results from 3,190 nine- and 10-year-olds recruited at 21 ABCD sites in 2017.
The robust study confirmed the findings of its predecessors; that subjects with higher BMI tended to have lower working memory, as measured by a list sorting test.
But it added an important component to that insight — a physiological correlate in the brain that might help explain the connection.
“Our hypothesis going into the study was that the thickness of the cerebral cortex would ‘mediate’ – or serve as an explanatory link for — the relationship between BMI and executive function,"
Laurent said.
Executive Function
The findings did confirm the relationship, according to the study’s senior author, Scott Mackey, an assistant professor of Psychiatry in the University of Vermont’s Larner College of Medicine.
They found widespread thinning of cerebral cortex among research subjects with higher BMI, Mackey said, but especially so in the prefontal area.
“That’s significant because we know that executive function, things like memory and the ability to plan, are controlled in that area of the brain,"
he said.
More research is needed to determine the nature of the link between the three variables.
“It could be that a thinner prefrontal cortex is affecting decision-making in some children, and they make unhealthy dietary choices as a result, which could lead to obesity,"
Laurent said.
Inflammatory Effects
The causal relationship could also work in the opposite direction.
“We know from rodent models and adult studies that obesity can induce low grade inflammatory effects, which actually do alter cellular structure and can lead to cardiovascular disease. With prolonged exposure to obesity, it is possible that children have chronic inflammation, and that may actually be affecting their brain in the long term,"
Laurent said. If that were the case, there would be significant public health implications.
“We would want to proactively encourage changes in kids’ diets and exercise levels at a young age with the understanding that it’s not only the heart that is being affected by obesity, it is perhaps also the brain,"
she said.
The decrease in working memory was a statistical observation, Laurent said, not a clinical one.
“We did not look at behavior. It’s very important that this work not further stigmatize people who are obese or overweight. What we’re saying is that, according to our measures, we are seeing something that bears watching. How and if it translates to behavior is for future research to determine,"
she said.
[1] Zelazo PD. Executive function: reflection, iterative reprocessing, complexity, and the developing brain. Dev Rev. 2015;38:55-68. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.07.001
[2] Laurent JS, Watts R, Adise S, et al. Associations Among Body Mass Index, Cortical Thickness, and Executive Function in Children. JAMA Pediatr. Published online December 09, 2019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4708