Why some people are able to handle stress better than others is a question that has intrigued scientists for decades. Now a Yale-led team reports that flexible brain activity in a particular area of the brain may predict resilience.
Its absence can also help pinpoint those most at risk for binge drinking, emotional eating, and angry outbursts, according to a new study from the team.
Thirty research participants were given fMRI scans while exposed to either highly threatening, violent, and stressful images and to neutral, non-stressful images for six minutes each. The scientists found three distinct patterns of response to stress.
The first pattern was characterized by sustained neural activation of brain regions that signal, monitor, and process potential threats. The second response pattern involved a dynamic pattern with increased and then decreased activation, perhaps as the brain’s way of reducing initial distress to a perceived threat.
Finally, subjects showed flexible neural responses in an area of the brain called the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VmPFC) during sustained stress exposure.
Prefrontal Cortex, Stress And Neural Flexibility
Prior studies have shown consistently that repeated and chronic stress causes great damage to neural structures, connections, and functions of the prefrontal cortex, the seat of higher order cognition that helps regulate emotions, and more primitive areas of the brain.
Rajita Sinha, the Foundations Fund Professor of Psychiatry, director of the Yale Stress Center and lead author of the study, said:
“Higher levels of neuroflexibility in this area of the brain helped predict those who would regain emotional and behavioral control during stress. The VmPFC seems to be the area of the brain which mobilizes to regain control over our response to stress.”
In follow-up interviews with the participants, the researchers found that those who did not show neural flexibility in the VmPFC during stress were more prone to binge drinking, episodes of emotional eating, and anger outbursts. Those subjects might be at higher risk of alcohol abuse and addiction or emotional dysfunction problems, which are hallmarks of exposure to repeated and high levels of chronic stress, Sinha hypothesized.
Rajita Sinha et al.
Dynamic neural activity during stress signals resilient coping
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2016). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600965113
Last Updated on December 6, 2022