Full Detonator Synapses Created From Hippocampal Conditional Detonators

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Altering synaptic plasticity leads to a computational switch in a hippocampal synapse, a new study has found. The presynaptic neuron turns into ‘detonator’ mode, causing its postsynaptic partner to fire more readily.

Synapses form connections between neurons. Their network is intricate. A single postsynaptic neuron can be connected with thousands of presynaptic neurons.

At the synapse, information is transferred from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic neuron. A key factor in information processing is the strength of the synapse.

The neuromuscular junction, the connection between neuron and muscle, and the calyx of Held, a synapse in the auditory brainstem, are strong synapses. Also called full detonators, when one of these presynaptic neurons sends out a single activating signal or action potential, the postsynaptic neuron fires.

Conditional Detonators

Whether such detonators also exist in the cortex of the brain has been unclear.

In the present study, the authors investigate the synapse between granule cells and CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus, using a recently developed method to simultaneously stimulate the individual presynaptic terminal and record from the connected postsynaptic CA3 neuron. Under normal conditions, a single action potential from the granule cell does not induce firing in the CA3 neuron.

Instead, the granule cells are ‘conditional detonators’. Burst firing of action potentials from a granule cell is required to get the CA3 neuron to fire as well.

The new insight into information processing in the brain by Nicholas Vyleta, previously a postdoc at IST Austria and now at Oregon Health and Science University, Carolina Borges-Merjane, postdoc at IST Austria, and Peter Jonas, professor at IST Austria, was published in the open-access journal eLife.

When the researchers altered the synaptic plasticity of the granule cell by stimulating a single presynaptic terminal to fire at high frequency for only one second, causing post-tetanic potentiation (PTP), the picture changes. The granule cell turns into a full detonator: a single action potential causes the CA3 neuron to fire.

Peter Jonas explains the significance of their study:

“It is generally thought that individual synapses in the brain are weak, and that tens or hundreds of inputs have to be integrated to activate a neuron. The present paper challenges this view, showing that full detonator synapses exist in the brain. This has important implications for higher order computations in the circuit.”

Full Detonator Synapses

Short-term synaptic plasticity in the form of PTP produces a computational switch at the studied synapse. This change is prolonged, lasting for tens of seconds.

This could be critical for information coding, storage and recall in the network formed by granule cells and CA3 neurons, as Nicholas Vyleta points out:

“A single hippocampal mossy fiber synapse can produce an action potential in a postsynaptic pyramidal neuron after activity-dependent enhancement of transmitter release. This computational switch may allow a single piece of highly specific information from the dentate gyrus to be transmitted through the hippocampal formation, and may form the basis of the processing of information in this circuit by pattern separation.”

eLife, an open-access journal for the life sciences and biomedicine, is supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Max Planck Society and the Wellcome Trust.

Reference:
  1. Nicholas P Vyleta et al. Plasticity-dependent, full detonation at hippocampal mossy fiber–CA3 pyramidal neuron synapses. eLife (2016). DOI: 10.7554/eLife.17977

Last Updated on November 20, 2023