Levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine fall and fluctuate at different times during a migraine headache, University of Michigan researchers have found. The findings could help scientists better understand dopamine-based therapies for migraines as well as a patient’s behavior during an attack.
The association between migraine and dopamine has remained a poorly understood therapeutic and research area, according to Alex DaSilva, assistant professor at the U-M School of Dentistry and Center for Human Growth and Development at the University of Michigan.
Physicians and emergency rooms often give migraine patients dopamine antagonists, drugs that block overactive dopamine receptors, to level off wild dopamine fluctuations and ease migraine attacks.
Migraine Dopamine Levels
Using PET scans of the brain, DaSilva and colleagues took various measurements of brain activity and dopamine levels of eight migraine sufferers and eight healthy patients during migraine attacks and between headaches. They compared study participants to each other with and without headaches, and also migraineurs to healthy patients.
When migraine patients were between headaches, their dopamine levels were as stable and even as the healthy patients, DaSilva said. But during an attack, the migraine patients’ dopamine levels fell significantly.
Study co-author Kenneth Casey, U-M professor emeritus of neurology, said:
“Dopamine is one of the main neurotransmitters controlling sensory sensitivity. Therefore, a drop in dopamine could produce increased sensory sensitivity so that normally painless or imperceptible sensory signals from skin, muscle and blood vessels could become painful.”
This supports the hypothesis held by some researchers that migraines are a periodic disorder characterized by sensory hypersensitivity during which light, sound and odors may become abnormally intense, Casey says.
Surprising Spikes
DaSilva says he was surprised when patients who were resting during their migraine attacks experienced a small dopamine spike and worsening symptoms when researchers applied warmth to their foreheads.
This condition in chronic pain patients is called allodynia – when a stimulus that normally wouldn’t cause pain does. DaSilva says the sudden small spike in dopamine was probably an aversive reaction to environmental stimulation.
This small fluctuation was only a partial recovery of dopamine, but it made the suffering worse because the dopamine receptors were highly sensitive by then, and even a small recovery would induce more nausea, vomiting and other symptoms related to migraine, he says.
“This dopamine reduction and fluctuation during the migraine attack is your brain telling you that something is not going well internally, and that you need time to heal by forcing you to slow down, go to a dark room and avoid any kind of stimulation,” he said.
Dopamine, sometimes called the brain’s feel-good neurotransmitter, helps regulate emotion, motivation and sensory perception. Thus, in addition to the pain of migraines, DaSilva says the fall in dopamine in general could also explain some of the isolation and withdrawal that migraineurs exhibit during an attack.
Reference:
- Alexandre F. DaSilva, DDS, DMedSc, Thiago D. Nascimento, DDS, MS, Hassan Jassar, PhD, Joseph Heffernan, BS, Rebecca L. Toback, BS, Sarah Lucas, BS, Marcos F. DosSantos, DDS, PhD, Emily L. Bellile, MS, Philip S. Boonstra, PhD, Jeremy M.G. Taylor, PhD, Kenneth L. Casey, MD, Robert A. Koeppe, PhD, Yolanda R. Smith, MD and Jon-Kar Zubieta, MD, PhD
Dopamine D2/D3 imbalance during migraine attack and allodynia in vivo
Neurology 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003861
Last Updated on December 15, 2023