Cognitive Control: How Distraction Benefits The Aging Brain

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a distracted driver illustrates distraction and cognitive control - benefits

Some people find it more difficult to focus on certain tasks as they get older. But even though distractions can be frustrating, they may not be as bad as you think.

There may actually be some benefits to reduced focus, especially in people over 50, researchers at the University of Toronto and Harvard University suggest. Using behavioral studies and neuroimaging evidence, the researchers detail in a new paper how being easily distracted can help adults with, for example, problem solving and learning new information.

“Different types of tasks benefit from a more broad focus of attention, and this is usually seen in tasks that involve thinking creatively or using information that was previously irrelevant. The literature gives us the impression that older adults are essentially doomed as their cognitive abilities decrease, when, in reality, many older adults get along just fine in their day-to-day lives, and we think that shows that aging adults don’t always need to have high cognitive control,”

said first author Tarek Amer, a psychology Ph.D. candidate at the University of Toronto and a graduate student at the Rotman Research Institute.

Cognitive Control

cognitive control distraction benefits the aging brain
The relationship between task performance and level of cognitive control.
Credit: Amer, Campbell, Hasher/Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2016

When people have high cognitive control, they are able to maintain their focused attention and ignore distractions to get things done. But Amer and his colleagues found that people with reduced cognitive control had an easier time thinking of creative solutions to problems, and they were better at noticing patterns in the world around them.

These findings also indicated that older adults could outperform their younger counterparts on specific problem-solving tasks, as they could broaden their attention more easily. Additionally, people didn’t require high levels of cognitive control for inherent, day-to-day tasks, like walking down the street or learning new information.

To explore the benefits of cognitive control, many lab-based behavioral experiments require participants to complete a specific set of tasks, limiting the role of distraction. But the researchers say these experiments have shortcomings, as they don’t explore situations when distractions and reduced cognitive control could be helpful, making the conclusions fairly one-sided.

Useful Distraction

Co-author Lynn Hasher, a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto and the Rotman Research Institute, said:

“Many of the tasks that we study in classic cognitive psychology are tasks that require high cognitive control, but these assigned tasks might not accurately mirror what people do in the real world because they limit distractions. But a distraction in one setting can actually be useful information in another setting, and the more information you have, the better able you’re going to be to address a current problem.”

Amer and his colleagues hope to use this information to determine exactly what tasks can benefit from reduced control in order to better simulate these experiences in a lab.

Although they also hope to expand the research beyond the aging population to examine how distractions can be beneficial for people with a range of cognitive impairments, for now they recognize that this understanding of cognitive control is a step closer to understanding the aging brain.

“There is a question about what really sustains performance in old age, and it’s clear that working memory alone cannot provide us with the answer to that question. But we think it’s possible that studying reduced cognitive control can help us understand how older adults can still perform independently and successfully in their lives,”

said Hasher.

Reference: Tarek Amer, Karen L. Campbell, Lynn Hasher et al. Cognitive Control As a Double-Edged Sword 30155-3). Trends in Cognitive Sciences, November 2016 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.10.002

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Last Updated on December 12, 2022