Disruption in the Schwann cells that make myelin, which insulates the neuronal axons in the ear, leads to hidden hearing loss, University of Michigan researchers report.
Some people can pass a hearing test but have trouble understanding speech in a noisy environment. This auditory neuropathy, first described in 2011, is called hidden hearing loss.
Scientists have made great strides in understanding what this condition is and what causes it. This new finding is a step toward the eventual work to identify treatments.
Hidden Hearing Loss And Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Study author Gabriel Corfas, Ph.D. said:
“If people can have hidden hearing loss for different reasons, having the ability to make the right diagnosis of the pathogenesis will be critical."
Corfas, director of the Kresge Hearing Research Institute at Michigan Medicine’s Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, published the research with co-author Guoqiang Wan, now with Nanjing University in China.
The condition could be behind auditory deficits seen in acute demyelinating disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, which can be caused by Zika virus.
Corfas and Wan used genetic tools to induce loss of myelin in the auditory nerve of mice, modeling Guillain-Barré. Although the myelin regenerated in a few weeks, the mice developed a permanent hidden hearing loss.
Even after the myelin regenerated, damage to a nerve structure called the heminode remained.
Myelin Disruption
When the ear is exposed to loud noises over time, synapses connecting hair cells with the neurons in the inner ear are lost. This loss of synapses has previously been shown as a mechanism leading to such hearing loss.
In an audiologist’s quiet testing room, only a few synapses are needed to pick up sounds. But in a noisy environment, the ear must activate specific synapses.
If they aren’t all there, it’s difficult for people to make sense of the noise or words around them. That is hidden hearing loss, Corfas says.
“Exposure to noise is increasing in our society, and children are exposing themselves to high levels of noise very early in life,” Corfas says. “It’s clear that being exposed to high levels of sound might contribute to increases in hidden hearing loss."
The newly identified cause, deficiency in Schwann cells, could occur in individuals who have already had noise exposure-driven hidden hearing loss as well.
“Both forms of hidden hearing loss, noise exposure and loss of myelin, can occur in the same individual for an additive effect,” Corfas says.
Synapse Regeneration
Previously, Corfas’ group succeeded in regenerating synapses in mice with this condition, providing a path to explore for potential treatment.
While continuing this work, Corfas started to investigate other cells in the ear, which led to uncovering the new mechanism.
“Our findings should influence the way hidden hearing loss is diagnosed and drive the future of clinical trials searching for a treatment,” Corfas says. “The first step is to know whether a person’s hidden hearing loss is due to synapse loss or myelin/heminode damage."
There are no current treatments for hidden hearing loss. But as understanding of the condition improves, the goal is for the research to lead to the development of drugs to treat it.
Guoqiang Wan et al
Transient auditory nerve demyelination as a new mechanism for hidden hearing loss
Nature Communications (2017). DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14487