The number of fully-traced neurons in the mouse brain is quickly increasing, thanks to a far-reaching effort by a team of Janelia Research Campus scientists. Brain researchers everywhere can now browse and download the 3-D data.
Inside the mouse brain, individual neurons snake across hemispheres, embroider branching patterns, and, researchers have now shown, often spool out spindly fibers nearly half a meter long.
Scientists can see and explore these wandering neural traces in 3-D, in the most extensive map of mouse brain wiring yet attempted. The map – the result of an ongoing effort by an eclectic team of researchers at the Janelia Research Campus – reconstructs the entire shape and position of more than 300 of the roughly 70 million neurons in the mouse brain. Previous efforts to trace the path of individual neurons had topped out in the dozens.
Only The Beginning
Neuroscientist Jayaram Chandrashekar says that three hundred neurons is just the start.
Chandrashekar, leads the Janelia project team, named MouseLight for its work illuminating the circuitry of the mouse brain. He and colleagues expect to trace hundreds more neurons in the coming months – and they’re sharing all the data with the neuroscience community.
The team has released their current dataset and an analysis tool, called the MouseLight NeuronBrowser, and will report the work at the annual Society for Neuroscience meeting in Washington, D.C. They hope that the findings will help scientists ask, and begin to answer, questions about how neurons are organized, and how information flows through the brain.
“MouseLight’s new dataset is the largest of its kind. It’s going to change the textbook view of neurons,"
says Janelia neuroscientist Wyatt Korff, director of project teams.
Fried Eggs With Tails
In a typical biology textbook, neurons look something like a fried egg with a tail. Neurons send messages racing down the tail, or axon, and other neurons pick up the messages via branching tendrils called dendrites.
Information zipping between these cells is what allows people to pick up a coffee cup or remember where they put the car keys. Scientists have long known that the textbook view of neurons is oversimplified, Chandrashekar says.
But the team’s data suggest that neurons are often vastly more far-reaching and connected than scientists once thought.
Researchers have built broad maps outlining which parts of the brain connect to which, but capturing a zoomed-in view of individual neurons is rife with technical hurdles. Scientists have to light up neurons inside a mouse brain, slice it into thin sheets, image the sheets with a microscope, and then pick out single neurons among the millions of images collected.
The Janelia team tackled the problem by fine-tuning each step of the process.
“This work was only possible with a team science approach,” Korff says.
Researchers involved in the project ranged from neuroscientists and anatomists to computer scientists and software engineers.
Two-photon Microscopy
First, the researchers inject mouse brains with a virus that highlights only a few dozen neurons. Then the team “clears” the brain – to help light penetrate the tissue.
Next, a high-tech light microscope hits the brain with pulses of light, takes an image of the highlighted neurons, and shaves off a 200-micrometer brain slice with a vibrating razor blade. The whole process repeats until the entire brain is imaged.
The microscope, an ultrafast version of a method called two-photon microscopy delivers just enough energy to make the highlighted neurons fluoresce without illuminating other focal planes. That gives researchers the sharp images needed for neural mapping.
Each brain imaged yields approximately 20 terabytes of data – about the storage space of 4,000 DVDs. Sophisticated algorithms are used to stitch the images together, and a team of seven trained individuals scour the resulting dataset to digitally untangle individual neurons.
These people are full-time neuron tracers; their efforts and the software they use are critical for high-quality mapmaking, says neuroscientist Nelson Spruston, the senior director of scientific programs at Janelia.
Two years ago, each person would have needed a week or two to track a neuron’s path through the brain. Today, by using neuron-tracing algorithms and software developed by MouseLight and Janelia’s Scientific Computing group, each team member can track roughly one neuron per day, he says.
Now that the team’s imaging-and-tracing pipeline is running full bore, Spruston says, they will hit 1,000 total neurons traced in about a year. By hitting this mark, the team expects the data to yield new insights into how elaborately-branching neurons route information in the brain.
Turning Up Surprises
Even the team’s 300 fully-traced neurons are turning up surprises. For example, the axons of individual neurons in the thalamus often branch profusely in unexpected combinations of cortical areas, such as regions involved in taste, touch, and movement.
Similarly, in the subiculum, a region involved in learning and memory, neurons almost always reach out to a few different places.
In the neocortex, the six-layered structure associated with the highest cognitive functions, many single-neuron projections spread expansively. One neuron the researchers traced ran scattershot across the cerebral cortex, sending long, branching axons arcing across both hemispheres like a fireworks explosion.
“This was striking to me,” Spruston says. “I had no idea that a single cortical neuron could send out so many connections to so much of the brain."
The ability to view neurons in such detail let him fully appreciate how extensively they communicate, he says.
Neuroscientist Eve Marder of Brandeis University agrees.
“We knew that different regions of the brain talked to each other, but seeing it in 3-D is different,” she says. “The results are so stunning because they give you a really clear view of how the whole brain is connected."
Marder is a member of the Janelia Advisory Committee.
The new resource will allow every student with an Internet connection to visualize real neurons, not just the cartoons in textbooks, Chandrashekar says. The team’s work creating hundreds of high-quality single-neuron reconstructions, presented in a readily accessible reference volume, could accelerate scientific research and guide hypothesis formation, he says.