The protein β-arrestin-2 increases the accumulation of neurotoxic tau tangles, a cause of several forms of dementia, by interfering with the removal of excess tau from the brain, a new study from the University of South Florida Health (USF Health) Morsani College of Medicine reports.
The USF Health researchers discovered that a form of the protein comprised of multiple β-arrestin-2 molecules, known as oligomerized β-arrestin-2, disrupts the protective clearance process normally ridding cells of malformed proteins like disease-causing tau. Monomeric β-arrestin-2, the protein’s single-molecule form, does not impair this cellular toxic waste disposal process known as autophagy.
The study focused on frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), also called frontotemporal dementia — second only to Alzheimer’s disease as the leading cause of dementia. This aggressive, typically earlier onset dementia (ages 45-65) is characterized by atrophy of the front or side regions of the brain, or both.
Tau Accumulation
Like Alzheimer’s disease, FTLD displays an accumulation of tau, and has no specific treatment or cure.
“Our research could lead to a new strategy to block tau pathology in FTLD, Alzheimer’s disease and other related dementias, which ultimately destroys cognitive abilities such as reasoning, behavior, language, and memory,”
said the paper’s lead author Jung A (Alexa) Woo, Ph.D., an assistant professor of molecular pharmacology and physiology and an investigator at the USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Center.
“It has always been puzzling why the brain cannot clear accumulating tau. It appears that an ‘incidental interaction’ between β-arrestin-2 and the tau clearance mechanism occurs, leading to these dementias. β-arrestin-2 itself is not harmful, but this unanticipated interplay appears to be the basis for this mystery,”
said senior author Stephen B. Liggett, MD, professor of medicine and medical engineering at the USF Health Morsani College of Medicine.
β-arrestin-2
The two primary hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease are clumps of sticky amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein fragments known as amyloid plaques and neuron-choking tangles of a protein called tau. Abnormal accumulations of both proteins are needed to drive the death of brain cells, or neurons, in Alzheimer’s, although the tau accumulations now appear to correlate better with cognitive dysfunction than Aβ, and drugs targeting Aβ have been disappointing as a treatment.
Aβ aggregation is absent in the FTLD brain, where the key feature of neurodegeneration appears to be excessive tau accumulation, known as tauopathy. The resulting neurofibrillary tangles — twisted fibers laden with tau — destroy synaptic communication between neurons, eventually killing the brain cells.
Monomeric β-arrestin-2 is mostly known for its ability to regulate receptors, molecules on the cell that are responsible for hormone and neurotransmitter signaling. β-arrestin-2 can also form multiple interconnecting units, called oligomers. The function of β-arrestin-2 oligomers is not well understood.
The monomeric form was the basis for the laboratory’s initial studies examining tau and its relationship with neurotransmission and receptors,
“but we soon became transfixed on these oligomers of β-arrestin-2,”
Dr. Woo said.
Gene Therapy
Among the researchers’ findings:
- Both in cells and in mice with elevated tau, β-arrestin-2 levels are increased. Furthermore, when β-arrestin-2 is overexpressed, tau levels increase, suggesting a maladaptive feedback cycle that exacerbates disease-causing tau.
- Genetically reducing β-arrestin-2 lessens tauopathy, synaptic dysfunction, and the loss of nerve cells and their connections in the brain. For this experiment researchers crossed a mouse model of early tauopathy with genetically modified mice in which the β-arrestin-2 gene was inactivated, or knocked out
- Oligomerized β-arrestin-2 — but not the protein’s monomeric form — increases tau. The researchers blocked β-arrestin-2 molecules from binding together to create oligeromized forms of the protein. They demonstrated that pathogenic tau significantly decreased when only oligomeric β-arrestin-2, which does bind to receptors, was present.
- Oligomerized β-arrestin-2 increases tau by impeding the ability of cargo protein p62 to help selectively degrade excess tau in the brain. In essence, this reduces the efficiency of the autophagy process needed to clear toxic tau, so tau “clogs up” the neurons.
- Blocking of β-arrestin-2 oligomerization suppresses disease-causing tau in a mouse model that develops human tauopathy with signs of dementia.
“We also noted that decreasing β-arrestin-2 by gene therapy had no apparent side effects, but such a reduction was enough to open the tau clearance mechanism to full throttle, erasing the tau tangles like an eraser. This is something the field has been looking for — an intervention that does no harm and reverses the disease,”
Dr. Liggett said.
“Based on our findings, the effects of inhibiting β-arrestin-2 oligomerization would be expected to not only inhibit the development of new tau tangles, but also to clear existing tau accumulations due to the mechanism of enhancing tau clearance,”
the paper’s authors conclude.
The work is consistent with a new treatment strategy that could be preventive for those at risk or with mild cognitive impairment, and also for those with overt dementias caused by tau, by decreasing the existing tau tangles.
Reference:
- Jung-A A. Woo, Tian Liu, Cenxiao C. Fang, Maria A. Castaño, Teresa Kee, Ksenia Yrigoin, Yan Yan, Sara Cazzaro, Jenet Matlack, Xinming Wang, Xingyu Zhao, David E. Kang, Stephen B. Liggett. β-Arrestin2 oligomers impair the clearance of pathological tau and increase tau aggregates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Feb 2020, 201917194; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917194117
Image: A beta-arrestin-2 oligomer (foreground image including white) shown in a nerve cell (background). Oligomerized beta-arrestin-2 plays a central role in impairing tau clearance and the development of tau aggregates (magenta) in frontotemporal lobe degeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. Credit: Cynthia Greco (artist) and Eric Lewandowski (beta-arrestin-2 protein modeling), University of South Florida Health
Last Updated on October 27, 2023