An important discovery concerning the development of layer-specific axonal connections in the developing visual system of Drosophila flies has been made by scientists at Tokyo Tech. The finding provides valuable insights into how neurons in the developing brain are wired.
The molecular mechanisms that were found can serve as a universal principle for wiring axons also in higher animals, and help stabilize the regenerating axons to the desired depth in the brain layers, as is the case in neuronal transplantation after injury.
Drosophila flies, which are a common model organism in laboratory research, have a layered visual system, just like other animals, including humans. For the visual system to function properly, each layer must receive specific connections from particular neuron populations. For this to happen, axons in the developing nervous system must grow to their target layers and then form stable connections there.
LAR And Ptp69D
To identify how these stable connections form, Takashi Suzuki’s team looked at the roles of two proteins, called LAR and Ptp69D, that are necessary for a group of light-sensitive cells called R7 photoreceptors to correctly project axons to the sixth layer (M6) of a visual area called the medulla in Drosophila brains.
The group first created double-mutant embryonic flies in which the R7 photoreceptors did not express the LAR and Ptp69D genes. In these flies, over 80% of R7 axons failed to terminate within the M6 layer.
The axons would initially reach the M6 layer, but as development progressed, they frequently retracted and exited the medulla entirely.
Next, they used a temperature-controlled gene expression system to determine how cumulative LAR and Ptp69D expression affected layer-specific termination of the R7 axons. At the lowest cumulative expression level, almost all R7 axons terminated outside the medulla, but as cumulative expression levels were increased towards normal physiological levels, it became common for R7 axons to terminate in the M6 layer.
They continued their research by selectively reintroducing LAR or Ptp69D in the double-mutant flies. Reintroducing either protein restored R7 axon termination in the medulla, but this rescue effect was inhibited when the scientists used mutations to delete parts of the restored proteins that affect functions within the neurons.
This suggests that intracellular signaling from LAR and Ptp69D plays a key role in forming stable connections in the medulla.
Axon Projection Targeting
Interestingly, restoring LAR resulted in R7 axons mainly terminating in layers M0 and M6, whereas restoring Ptp69D resulted in R7 axons terminating in layer M3. Proteins like LAR and Ptp69D bind to target molecules called ligands, and this observation suggests that layers M0 and M6 contain ligands for LAR and that layer M3 contains ligands for Ptp69D.
The presence of appropriate ligands would cause LAR and Ptp69D to form stable connections for the R7 axons.
Taken together, these results provide important insights into how axon projections are targeted in the developing visual system. The effects of LAR and Ptp69D were both additive, in that cumulative expression determined the accuracy of axon targeting to the medulla, and protein-specific, in that LAR and Ptp69D tended to guide the axons to different layers in the medulla.
Funding for the work was provided by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Toray Industries.
A major task for future studies will be to identify the LAR and Ptp69D ligands that are hypothesized to mediate this layer-specific targeting.
Reference:
- Satoko Hakeda-Suzuki, Hiroki Takechi, Hinata Kawamura, Takashi Suzuki
Two receptor tyrosine phosphatases dictate the depth of axonal stabilizing layer in the visual system
eLife 2017;6:e31812 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.31812
Last Updated on October 20, 2023