The placenta supplies nutrition and oxygen to growing babies during pregnancy, as well as removing waste products from the baby’s blood.
But scientists have discovered that the Zika virus can infect and replicate in immune cells from the placenta, without killing them. The finding could explain how the virus is able to pass through the placenta of a pregnant woman, on its way to infect developing brain cells in her fetus.
The senior author of the paper, Mehul Suthar, PhD, assistant professor of pediatrics at Emory University School of Medicine, said:
“Our results substantiate the limited evidence from pathology case reports. It was known that the virus was getting into the placenta. But little was known about where the virus was replicating and in what cell type."
The cells for the experiments were obtained from full-term placentae of healthy volunteers who delivered by Cesarean section. The level of viral replication varied markedly from donor to donor, which hints that some women’s placentae may be more susceptible to viral infection than others.
Infected Placental Macrophages
Led by Suthar and pediatric infectious disease specialist Rana Chakraborty, MD, the team found that Zika virus could infect placental macrophages, called Hofbauer cells, in cell culture. The virus could also infect another type of placental cell, called cytotrophoblasts, but only after a couple days delay and not as readily.
Other researchers recently reported that syncytiotrophoblasts, a more differentiated type of placental cell than cytotrophoblasts, are resistant to Zika infection.
“Not every pregnant woman who is infected by Zika transmits the virus to her fetus,” Suthar says. “Host genetics and non-viral factors, including nutrition and microbiota, as well as timing may be influencing infectivity. A better understanding of these factors could allow the design of preventive measures, and eventually antiviral therapies."
The strain of virus used for the experiments was from Puerto Rico, and is closely related to the strain currently circulating in Brazil.
Rare Transmittal
For viruses related to Zika (flaviviruses) such as dengue virus, West Nile virus and yellow fever virus, it is rare for the infection to be transmitted from mother to fetus. This is thought to be because of the protective role of the placenta, which separates the circulatory systems of the mother and fetus.
“Zika may be unique in its ability to infect placental cells and cross the placental barrier, in comparison with other flaviviruses,” Suthar says.
It is still possible that disruption of the placental barrier, as seen in a recent case report, or antibody-mediated mechanisms are contributing to placental infection by Zika virus, he adds.
Hofbauer cells are fetally derived, in contrast with other immune cells found in the placenta called decidual macrophages, which are maternally derived. They are thought to be more tolerant and less prone to inflammatory responses than other immune cells, based on previous work from co-authors Chakraborty and Erica Johnson, PhD.
However, Suthar’s team was able to detect signs of antiviral and inflammatory responses in infected Hofbauer cells. He says his laboratory will continue to investigate Hofbauer cells and their immunology, using both human donated cells and animal models.
“We need to answer questions such as: what are the receptors that allow the virus to enter Hofbauer cells,” he says. “Do these cells change in their immune status during the different phases of pregnancy?"
Kendra M. Quicke, et al.
Zika Virus Infects Human Placental Macrophages
Cell Host & Microbe; doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.05.015
Image: By BruceBlaus – CC BY-SA 4.0