The theory that multiple sclerosis, which has widely varying symptoms and progression in different patients, is nonetheless a single disease with common underlying mechanisms, has gotten more supporting evidence from a new study.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system disrupts the function of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain. This can cause a variety of problems, including blurred vision, memory problems, paralysis, and more.
Symptoms and patterns of disease progression over time can vary between patients, leading to suggestions that MS may actually consist of two or more different diseases or subtypes.
Single Disease, Different Symptoms
Ekaterina Kotelnikova of the IDIBAPS – University of Barcelona, and colleagues hypothesized that MS is a single disease with multiple results in patients, all driven by the same underlying biological mechanism – immune system attack of the protective fibers shielding nerve cells and loss of the axons used by nerve cells to communicate with each other.
To explore this hypothesis, the researchers developed a mathematical model of MS based on experimental data from 66 patients who had been followed for up to 20 years. Using the model, they were able to perform computational simulations of the different known biological processes involved in the disease.
To test the validity of the model, the scientists ran simulations using data from a second group of 120 MS patients. They found that, by changing the intensity of the underlying biological processes involved in MS at distinct times, they were able to successfully reproduce the variability of disease courses seen in these patients.
The results support the concept of a common pathogenesis, i.e., that all the symptoms and disease courses observed in MS patients are produced by the same underlying mechanisms that damage nerve cells over time. This implies that, even though it may follow different patterns, MS will worsen over time for all patients.
Therapeutic Implications
Co-author Dr. Pablo Villoslada, Head of the IDIBAPS research group in Pathogenesis and new treatments in multiple sclerosis and coordinator of the study, said:
“This concept has significant therapeutic implications and will drive the development of new therapies because it implies that MS will produce significant disability if suffered for enough time in all patients. Indeed, preventing relapses, although very important, will be not enough to achieve good control of the disease.”
Relapses in MS have been modelled statistically to a negative binomial distribution. Moreover, relapses have been mathematically modelled from a mechanistic point of view that focuses on the negative feedback between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, and as a probabilistic response to self-antigen presentation.
However, how damage to the central nervous system (CNS) advances and how clinical disability accumulates over decades, defining the clinical phenotype of the disease and its prognosis, are issues that are still poorly understood. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the heterogeneity and different courses of the disease.
One model characterizes it as different diseases with relapse-remitting MS (RRMS) being defined as an autoimmune disease (the outside-in hypothesis) and primary-progressive MS (PPMS) a primary neurodegenerative disease (the inside-out hypothesis).
Funding support for the work came from The European Union Seventh Framework Program, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER, and the Swedish Research Council (3R).
Reference:
- Kotelnikova E, Kiani NA, Abad E, Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Andorra M, Zubizarreta I, et al. (2017)
Dynamics and heterogeneity of brain damage in multiple sclerosis
PLoS Comput Biol13(10): e1005757. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005757
Portions of this article © 2017 Kotelnikova et al. republished via Creative Commons.
Last Updated on October 27, 2023