Is The Brain Capable Of Identifying Fake Smiles?

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Peace begins with a smile, Mother Teresa once said. It may be true, but Spanish researchers have discovered how far this attention-grabbing expression confuses our emotion recognition and makes us perceive a face as happy, even if it is not.

Human beings deduce others´ state of mind from their facial expressions. David Beltrán Guerrero, researcher at the University of La Laguna explains:

“Fear, anger, sadness, displeasure and surprise are quickly inferred in this way."

But some emotions are more difficult to perceive.

Distorting Deductive Abilities

“There is a wide range of more ambiguous expressions, from which it is difficult to deduce the underlying emotional state. A typical example is the expression of happiness,” says Beltrán.

He is part of a group of experts at the Canarian institution who have analyzed, in three scientific articles, the smile’s capacity to distort people’s innate deductive ability.

“The smile plays a key role in recognizing others´ happiness. But, as we know, we are not really happy every time we smile,” he adds.

In some cases, a smile merely expresses politeness or affiliation. In others, it may even be a way of hiding negative feelings and incentives, such as dominance, nervousness, sarcasm, or embarrassment.

To approach this research, the authors created faces comprising smiling mouths and eyes expressing non-happy emotions, and compared them with faces in which both mouths and eyes expressed the same type of emotional state.

The main objective was to discover how far the smile skews the recognition of ambiguous expressions, making us identify them with happiness even though they are accompanied by eyes which clearly express a different feeling.

Smile Power

“The influence of the smile is highly dependent on the type of task given to participants and, therefore, on the type of activity we are involved in when we come across this type of expression,” Beltrán notes.

Thus when the task is purely perceptive, as in the detection of facial features, the smile has a very strong influence, to the extent that differences between ambiguous expressions (happy mouth and non-happy eyes) and genuinely happy expressions (happy mouth and eyes) are not distinguished.

On the other hand, when the task involves categorizing expressions, that is recognizing if they are happy, sad or any other emotion, the influence of the smile weakens, although it is still important, since 40% of the time, participants identify ambiguous expressions as genuinely happy.

However, the influence of the smile disappears in emotional assessment, that is when someone is asked to assess whether a facial expression is positive or negative:

“A smile can cause us to interpret a non-happy expression as happy, except when we are involved in the emotional assessment of said expression,” he highlights.

Difficult to Assess

According to the authors, the reason why a smile sometimes leads to the incorrect categorization of an expression is related to its high visual “salience” (attention-grabbing capacity), and its almost exclusive association with the emotional state of happiness.

In a recent study, it was found that the smile dominates many of the initial stages of the brain processing of faces, to the extent that it prompts similar electrical activity in the brain for genuinely happy expressions and ambiguous expressions with smiles and non-happy eyes.

By measuring eye movements, it was observed that an ambiguous expression is confused and categorized as happy if the first gaze falls on the area of the smiling mouth, rather than the area of the eyes.

However, curiously the influence of the smile in these assessments is not the same for everyone.

“Another study showed that people with social anxiety tend to confuse ambiguous expressions with genuinely happy expressions less frequently,” Beltrán concludes.

References:

Manuel G. Calvo, Hipólito Marrero, David Beltrán.
When does the brain distinguish between genuine and ambiguous smiles? An ERP study.
Brain and Cognition, 2013; 81 (2): 237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.10.009

Manuel G. Calvo, Aida Gutiérrez-García, Pedro Avero, Daniel Lundqvist.
Attentional mechanisms in judging genuine and fake smiles: Eye-movement patterns.
Emotion, 2013; 13 (4): 792 DOI: 10.1037/a0032317

Manuel G. Calvo, Andrés Fernández-Martín, Lauri Nummenmaa.
Perceptual, categorical, and affective processing of ambiguous smiling facial expressions.
Cognition, 2012; 125 (3): 373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.021


Last Updated on November 7, 2022